四合院

quadrangle courtyard

中國傳統(tǒng)合院式建筑，格局為一個院子四面建有房屋，從四面將庭院合圍在中間。四合院多見于中國北方，北京四合院是其中的代表。按照傳統(tǒng)禮制，修建四合院以南北中軸線對稱布置房屋和院落，院落有一進(jìn)和多進(jìn)，多為二進(jìn)或三進(jìn)。四合院大門多開在東南角上，門外設(shè)一對石鼓或石獅，嚴(yán)肅莊重，又含驅(qū)邪避災(zāi)之意。進(jìn)門迎面為影壁，從影壁前往西進(jìn)月亮門是前院。南側(cè)房屋稱 “倒座”，多為傭人住房。從前院經(jīng)垂花門進(jìn)入里院，為全宅的核心。北面三間正房，為大客廳和長輩住房。東西廂房各三間，長子住東廂，次子住西廂。正房、廂房之間有走廊相連。正房兩側(cè)附有耳房，并由小月亮門構(gòu)成兩個小跨院，安置廚房、雜屋和廁所。有的四合院正房后面還有一排后罩房，專供女眷居住。現(xiàn)在，一些四合院被列為文物保護(hù)單位。

A kind of courtyard building in China.The layout of a typical siheyuan centers around a courtyard which is surrounded by rooms on the four sides. Siheyuan are often seen in northern China with those in Beijing being the most representative. The layout of this kind of architecture reflects traditional values. Rooms and yard(s) are built in a symmetrical manner along a north-south axis. The compound may have one or more yards, but those with two or three yards are more common,The entrance gate is usually at the southeast corner of the compound. A pair of stone drums or stone lions are often placed outside the gate. The solemn and dignified stone sculptures are believed to have the power of warding off evil influences. Directly behind the gate is a screen wall. To the west of the screen wall there is a round gate known as the yueliang men (moon gate). The rooms facing the north are known as daozuo (opposite building and were often used as servants’ living quarters. The inner yard is the core of a courtyard compound. The three rooms in the north are the main buildings, serving as the living room and bedrooms of the eldest members of the family. On the east and west sides, there are three wing rooms respectively. The eastern wing rooms are assigned to the eldest son, while the western ones are assigned to the second son. The main rooms and the wing rooms are connected with roofed pathways. There are also side rooms on the east and west sides of the main rooms. There are also two moon gates next to the side rooms, which connect the inner yard, where the kitchen,storeroom, and lavatory are located. In some courtyard compounds, there is a backyard behind the main buildings for the female members of the family. Now some siheyuan have been designated as sites to be protected for their historical and cultural value.    

石庫門

shikumen residence  

上海最有代表性的民居建筑，上海石庫門民居是一種立貼式磚木結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑，是傳統(tǒng)四合院與西方建筑藝術(shù)結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。石庫門民居外門選用石料做門框，多為磚木結(jié)構(gòu)的二層樓房，坡形屋頂常常有老虎窗(凸在房頂斜面的小窗，用以采光透氣 ) ，紅磚外墻，弄堂口有中國傳統(tǒng)式牌樓。 19 世紀(jì) 60 年代初，第一批石庫門出現(xiàn)在上海河南路、福州路北京路一帶，即租界的中心地區(qū)。如今，陜西南路、河南中路和新閘路的一些石庫門民居被作為近代優(yōu)秀建筑整組保存，充滿濃厚的 “ 上海味 ” 。石庫門通常被認(rèn)為是上海近代都市文明的象征之一。

Shanghai's unique style of residential housing. The Shanghai shikumen residence is known for its traditional Chinese-style brick and wood structures that combine traditional courtyard housing (siheyuan) with Western architectural art, The door frames of shikumen houses are made with bricks, and for the most part they are two-story structures. Sloping roofs often have tiger windows (a small window built on a sloping part of the roof that allows light to enter the house) external walls of red bricks, and a traditional Chinese archway located at the entrance.In the early 1860s, shikumen residences first appeared in such famous Shanghai streets as Henan Road, Fuzhou Road, and Beijing Road,which was a central enclave of the city's foreign concession district. Today, some of the shikumen residences along Shaanxi South Road, Henan Middle Road, and Xinzha Road are protected as examples of modern architecture that teems with a rich Shanghai flavor, as these residences symbolize Shanghai's modern urban culture.  

窯洞

cave dwelling  

中國華北、西北黃土高原上的古老民居。在坡上橫向挖掘或向下挖掘洞穴作為居室。此種居住方式多流行在黃土高原地區(qū)，即山西、寧夏、陜西等省。窯洞是黃土高原的產(chǎn)物，沉積了古老的黃土地深層文化。

A type of Chinese age-old residential house consisting of caves dug into a hillside or underground caves, popular on the Loess Plateau, namely in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. This type of dwelling is the result of local geographical conditions, which showcases the profound culture of the people living on the Loess Plateau.

地坑院

underground cave dwelling  

中國河南民居。地坑院從地面向下挖出五米以上的深坑作為庭院，在坑壁上挖出窯洞，被稱為中國北方的 “ 地下四合院 ” 。 2011 年 “ 地坑院營造技藝 ” 入選第三批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。

A type of cave dwelling in Henan Province. Most consist of an open central courtyard built down at least five meters into the earth connected on all sides to separate cave-type rooms. Underground cave dwellings are therefore also known as underground courtyard houses. In 2011, the construction skill of the underground caved dwellings was included in the third batch of China's national intangible cultural heritage list.

蒙古包

Mongolian yurt  

中國蒙古族牧民居住的帳篷式房子，便于拆卸和組裝，適于牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)和游牧生活。蒙古包壁體由木枝條編成的骨架支撐，骨架可開可合，方便搬運，骨架外鋪蓋羊皮或者毛氈。蒙古包的平面多為圓形，下部為圓柱體，上部為圓錐體，包壁上僅有門，沒有窗戶，帳頂有天窗。天窗下方設(shè)爐灶。

A Tent dwelling common of the Mongolian ethnic group. A Mongolian yurt is easy to assemble and dismantle, and is suitable for nomadic life. Its walls are comprised of a wooden framework covered with sheepskin or felt that supports the whole yurt. The wall of a Mongolian yurt is circular; the bottom is a cylinder and the top is cone-shaped. There is an entrance along the wall of the yurt, but no windows. There is an opening in the roof, with a stove situated beneath it.